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From digital infrastructure pipelines to climate-resilient planning, the Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility is redefining how governments and development partners plan, finance, and deliver infrastructure across one of the world's most geographically dispersed regions.
The Pacific faces one of the world's most complex infrastructure challenges. Small island economies spread across vast ocean distances must deliver transport, energy, water, telecommunications, and public infrastructure while contending with limited financial resources, high construction costs, vulnerability to climate change, and growing demands for sustainable development.
Against this backdrop, the Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility (PRIF) has emerged as a key regional platform for coordinating infrastructure investment, improving project planning, and helping governments prioritize projects that deliver long-term economic and social value.
According to the Pacific Region Infrastructure Facility Annual Report 2025, the organization significantly expanded its work during the year, introducing new digital planning tools, broadening technical assistance, and strengthening collaboration among governments and development partners across the Pacific.
A regional approach to infrastructure
Established in 2008, PRIF serves as a multi-partner coordination and technical assistance facility that helps Pacific governments improve infrastructure planning, investment coordination, and service delivery.
The facility supports 13 Pacific island countries—the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu—while Papua New Guinea participates as an associate member. Development partners include the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the European Union, the European Investment Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, New Zealand's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the United States Department of State, and the World Bank Group.
Rather than financing infrastructure directly, PRIF focuses on improving how projects are identified, prioritized, prepared, and coordinated, ensuring governments and funding agencies make better-informed investment decisions.
Its current Phase V strategy, covering 2024 to 2027, places greater emphasis on climate resilience, disaster risk management, quality infrastructure, gender equality and social inclusion, and stronger regional cooperation.
Transforming infrastructure planning
One of the most significant changes underway is PRIF's shift from producing traditional infrastructure planning documents toward building institutional capacity within Pacific governments.
National Infrastructure Investment Plans (NIIPs), long regarded as the foundation of infrastructure planning across the region, are being redesigned to become living planning systems rather than static reports.
The updated approach embeds infrastructure planning within government budgeting and public investment processes, allowing countries to identify priority projects more efficiently while reducing reliance on external consultants.
During 2025, PRIF advanced work on the Solomon Islands National Infrastructure Investment Plan and the Vanuatu Infrastructure Strategic Investment Plan, while preparations were made for additional national planning updates across several Pacific countries in 2026. The revised methodology also places greater emphasis on climate resilience, environmental safeguards, economic analysis, and government ownership of investment decisions.
Creating a Pacific infrastructure marketplace
Perhaps PRIF's most transformative initiative during the year was the launch of the Pacific Infrastructure Pipeline, a digital platform designed to improve transparency across the region's infrastructure market.
The online database brings together more than 1,000 infrastructure projects and procurement packages, ranging from projects approaching tender to longer-term national investment priorities.
The platform enables governments, contractors, consultants, suppliers, and investors to search opportunities by country, sector, project value, procurement method, funding agency, implementation status, and expected timelines.
For Pacific businesses, early access to future procurement opportunities provides valuable time to develop technical capacity, form partnerships, and prepare competitive bids.
The platform also includes a searchable directory of Pacific businesses, making it easier for international contractors to identify local partners and increasing opportunities for domestic participation in major infrastructure projects.
PRIF expects the platform to become an increasingly important regional business development tool as additional governments and development partners continue uploading project information throughout 2026.
Climate resilience moves to the forefront
Climate adaptation has become central to Pacific infrastructure planning.
Recognizing that roads, ports, airports, water systems, and energy networks must withstand increasingly severe weather events, PRIF expanded technical assistance focused on integrating climate resilience into project design.
During 2025, the organization supported development of guidance on nature-based infrastructure solutions, introduced a Climate Co-Benefit Categorization Framework to improve climate reporting, and strengthened methods for incorporating climate and disaster risk assessments into national infrastructure planning.
Working groups also analyzed regional project pipelines to identify opportunities for coordinated investment and co-financing that support the Pacific Strategy 2050 and broader climate adaptation objectives.
Technical expertise expands across sectors
Demand for technical assistance continued to grow throughout the year.
PRIF implemented 18 technical assistance projects covering transport, energy, digital connectivity, urban development, environmental safeguards, infrastructure planning, and institutional strengthening.
Among the initiatives were development of the Pacific One Maritime Framework, regional digital readiness programs, electric vehicle standards, updated building codes, environmental and social safeguard frameworks, and water sector capacity-building initiatives.
The projects are intended not only to address immediate infrastructure needs but also to strengthen institutional capacity across Pacific governments and improve long-term project delivery.
Strengthening regional collaboration
Infrastructure development in the Pacific depends heavily on coordination among governments, multilateral institutions, and bilateral development partners.
To improve alignment, PRIF convened 26 sector and thematic working group meetings during 2025, bringing together representatives from development agencies, regional organizations, and Pacific governments.
These working groups focused on transport, energy, urban development, climate resilience, environmental safeguards, water and sanitation, digital infrastructure, and social inclusion, helping reduce duplication of assistance while identifying opportunities for joint investment.
The report notes that stronger collaboration is also improving the efficiency of infrastructure planning by encouraging governments and development partners to align investments with national priorities rather than pursuing isolated projects.
Investing in knowledge and capacity
Alongside project planning, PRIF continued investing in knowledge sharing and professional development.
During 2025, the facility launched a regional capacity development program, conducted six training sessions across the Pacific, organized five technical webinars, and hosted PRIF Week 2025 under the theme "Build Forward Better."
The event attracted 574 participants from 23 countries, bringing together policymakers, infrastructure agencies, financiers, development partners, consultants, academics, and private sector representatives to discuss emerging priorities and best practices for resilient infrastructure development.
Looking ahead
Development partners have committed USD14.98 million to support PRIF's current four-year phase, with USD5.55 million committed or contracted during 2025 and USD3.24 million disbursed over the year.
As infrastructure demand accelerates across the Pacific, PRIF's evolving role reflects a broader shift in regional development strategy. Beyond funding individual projects, the emphasis is increasingly on strengthening institutions, improving project readiness, enhancing regional coordination, and ensuring that infrastructure investments are resilient, inclusive, and economically sustainable.
For Pacific governments—including Papua New Guinea—these initiatives offer more than technical support. They provide a shared framework for developing infrastructure that is better planned, better coordinated, and better positioned to attract both development financing and private investment, helping lay the foundations for more resilient and connected economies across the region.
Kalo Gold Corp. has confirmed the presence of a gold-bearing epithermal system extending over a 1.8-kilometre strike length at its wholly owned Vatu Aurum Project in Fiji, following results from two reconnaissance drill holes that have strengthened the company's confidence in the area's exploration potential.
The Vancouver-based gold explorer said drill holes VA26-DH18 and VA26-DH19 at the Wainikoro prospect intersected anomalous gold mineralisation associated with fault-controlled quartz veins, hydrothermal breccias and elevated arsenic and antimony, reinforcing its interpretation that the area hosts a structurally controlled epithermal gold system.
The two drill holes, spaced 1,027 metres apart, were designed to test regional fault structures, hydrothermal alteration and geophysical anomalies identified during earlier exploration work. The company said the programme was intended to refine its geological model and guide future drilling rather than define mineral resources.
At the Kope Road North target, drill hole VA26-DH19 intersected multiple gold-bearing quartz veins within a broad hydrothermal system, including an interval grading 1.61 grams of gold per tonne over 1.5 metres. Additional gold-bearing intersections and widespread hydrothermal alteration indicate that mineralisation is associated with a major structural corridor known as the Nubu Graben fault.
Mineralogical analysis also identified arsenopyrite replaced by pyrite pseudomorphs, which the company said represents evidence of an early mineralising phase linked to gold deposition. The presence of arsenic and antimony, together with multiple generations of quartz veining, supports the interpretation that Wainikoro represents the upper levels of an epithermal gold system.
At the Kope Road South target, drill hole VA26-DH18 returned anomalous gold values associated with hydrothermal breccias and fault zones. Surface sampling in the surrounding area produced detectORE™ gold screening results of up to 1,920 detectORE units, equivalent to an estimated 1.92 grams of gold per tonne, indicating that gold-bearing hydrothermal activity extends beyond the principal magnetic target.
Kalo Gold President and Chief Executive Officer Terry Tucker said the results confirmed the scale of the Wainikoro system and highlighted the potential for multiple mineralised centres across the broader project area.
He said the combination of drilling results, airborne magnetic surveys and planned ground geophysical work would allow the company to prioritise future drilling with greater precision as it continued evaluating the scale and geological architecture of the Wainikoro epithermal system.
The company has engaged Fender Geophysics Pty Ltd to undertake controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics, induced polarisation, and gravity surveys at Wainikoro, with field work scheduled to begin in mid-July, subject to logistical requirements. The geophysical programme is expected to refine drill targets before the next phase of exploration.
Kalo Gold's Vatu Aurum Project covers about 367 square kilometres on Vanua Levu and hosts a corridor of low-sulphidation epithermal gold targets that the company is systematically advancing through drilling, geochemistry, structural mapping and geophysical surveys.
The upstream and downstream operators of the Papua LNG Project have been issued amended environmental permits by the Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA), following more than seven months of consultation between the regulator and project operators.
The amended permits were presented on May 29, 2026, following extensive discussions involving CEPA, upstream operator TotalEnergies EP PNG Limited and downstream operator ExxonMobil PNG Antelope Limited.
According to CEPA, the amendments reflect changes to both the upstream and downstream project designs and are expected to reduce potential environmental and community impacts associated with the development.
Michael Wau, executive director of CEPA's Non-Renewable Resources Environmental Protection Wing, said environmental permits are living documents that must be reviewed and updated to strengthen environmental protection, water resource management and biodiversity conservation.
"That is exactly what TotalEnergies EP PNG Limited and ExxonMobil PNG Antelope Limited have done by reviewing the project and requesting amendments to the environmental permits," Wau said.
The original environmental permits, EP-L3 (1008) and EP-L3 (1030), were issued in March and September 2025. They covered a range of planned activities, including the construction and operation of a Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) buoy system and associated marine infrastructure.
Since the permits were issued, revisions to the project design have eliminated the need for several originally planned components, including the CALM buoy system, marine exclusion zones and related infrastructure.
Wau said the changes would significantly reduce environmental impacts, particularly in Caution Bay.
"There will be minimal environmental impact as the condensate pipeline, which was initially permitted to traverse Caution Bay, will instead connect with the Santos-owned Kumul Marine Terminal floating storage and offloading facility," he said.
According to CEPA, the amendments will deliver several environmental and community benefits, including:
• Avoiding extended travel times for local communities caused by marine exclusion zones;
• Preventing disruptions to artisanal and subsistence fishing activities; and
• Protecting sensitive marine and coastal habitats, including mangroves, intertidal zones and benthic environments.
"This is a great win for the environment and the people," Wau said.
TotalEnergies EP PNG Limited said it looks forward to continuing its collaboration with CEPA and other government agencies to ensure the Papua LNG Project is delivered in a sustainable, responsible and efficient manner.
"We are committed to delivering Papua LNG to the highest environmental standards in close partnership with CEPA," the company said.
ExxonMobil PNG Antelope Limited Chairman and Managing Director Dinesh Sivasamboo thanked CEPA for its review and approval of the amendments.
"We greatly value this collaboration and the constructive engagement throughout the process to ensure that the Papua LNG Downstream Project is delivered responsibly and in full compliance with the amended environmental permit," Sivasamboo said.
The amended permits are expected to support the continued development of the Papua LNG Project while reducing environmental impacts and preserving access to marine resources for surrounding communities.
The World Bank's Environment and Social Framework (ESF) Practice Manager, Africa Olojoba, has visited the Tina River Hydropower Development Project (THDP) in Solomon Islands, highlighting construction progress, strong safety practices and environmental stewardship at the country's first large-scale renewable energy project.
Olojoba was joined by a World Bank delegation comprising Lead Environmental Specialist Nathalie Staelens, Environmental Specialist Khine Thwe Wynn, Social Development Specialist Joyce Onguglo and Energy Specialist Yulia Zakrevskaia during the March 27 site visit.
The delegation began its visit at the Hyundai Engineering Company site office, where project officials provided a safety induction briefing outlining workplace health and safety protocols. The team then toured the dam site and the powerhouse site, including the main tunnel system currently under development.
Speaking during a meeting at the Garivera camp site, Olojoba outlined three key observations from the visit.
He cited the project's substantial development progress, noting the advancement of major structures, ongoing construction activities and milestones achieved to date.
Olojoba also commended project teams for maintaining strong occupational health and safety standards across the construction site.
In addition, he highlighted the project's environmental performance, particularly areas of natural revegetation and the replantation programme being implemented as part of biodiversity management efforts.
The World Bank is one of the principal financiers of the Tina River Hydropower Development Project and has played a key role in supporting the project's objective of delivering clean, affordable and sustainable energy to Solomon Islands.
Once completed, the hydropower facility is expected to reduce the country's dependence on diesel-fired electricity generation, lower power costs for consumers and support national climate commitments.
The Tina River Hydropower Development Project is being led by the Solomon Islands government with financing and support from the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, the Asian Development Bank, the Australian government, the Green Climate Fund, Korea EXIM Economic Development Cooperation Fund and the World Bank.
The project is the first large-scale renewable energy development undertaken in Solomon Islands and is expected to improve access to cleaner and more reliable electricity for households and businesses while supporting the country's long-term energy transition.
Fiji is strengthening its livestock sector by equipping agricultural officers and industry stakeholders with modern feed formulation skills and digital tools aimed at reducing production costs, improving animal nutrition, and increasing local livestock productivity.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Waterways and Sugar Industry concluded a week-long Feed Formulation Training for the Pacific and introduced the FeedAccess Online Feed Formulation App during a regional training program held at the Animal Health and Production Office in Vatuwaqa.
Closing the program, Minister for Agriculture, Waterways and Sugar Industry Tomasi Tunabuna said the initiative forms part of the government's broader strategy to strengthen Fiji's livestock industry through innovation, capacity building, and greater use of locally available feed resources.
"The training focused on promoting the use of locally available feed resources such as cassava, copra meal, fish meal, and other agricultural by-products as cost-effective alternatives while ensuring that animal productivity and performance are maintained at optimal levels," Tunabuna said.
The training brought together agricultural extension officers, researchers, advisory officers, and livestock professionals from across Fiji, providing practical instruction in animal nutrition, feed formulation, and digital technologies that support livestock production.
Participants learned to evaluate the nutritional value of locally available feed ingredients and formulate balanced rations for different livestock species and production stages.
According to the ministry, feed accounts for between 65% and 75% of total livestock production costs, making feed efficiency a critical factor in improving farm profitability.
Tunabuna said developing expertise in least-cost feed formulation would enable extension officers to help farmers optimize livestock nutrition, reduce operating costs, and improve overall farm productivity.
A key component of the training was the introduction of the FeedAccess Online Platform, a digital application that allows users to formulate nutritionally balanced feed rations using smartphones, tablets, or computers without requiring specialized desktop software or complex spreadsheets.
Developed by France-based agricultural technology company FeedAccess, the platform enables farmers, researchers, extension officers, and feed manufacturers to calculate feed formulations using locally available raw materials while optimizing nutritional value and production costs.
Founded in 2013, FeedAccess provides a free digital feed formulation platform supporting 16 livestock and aquaculture species. The platform is currently used by more than 11,800 users across 185 countries.
FeedAccess Director and training facilitator Edouard Bault said the platform was designed to make feed formulation more practical and accessible for extension officers and livestock producers.
"Feed formulation should not be limited to specialists with advanced software," Bault said. "FeedAccess simplifies the process, allowing users to formulate balanced, least-cost rations using locally available feed ingredients. This helps farmers make informed decisions, reduce feed costs, and improve the productivity of their livestock."
Bault said the long-term success of the program would depend on participants applying their new knowledge in the field and sharing their expertise with livestock producers.
"By making better use of local feed resources, Pacific countries can reduce dependence on imported feeds while building more resilient and sustainable livestock production systems," he said.
The ministry said adoption of digital tools such as FeedAccess supports the objectives of the Fiji Livestock Sector Strategy, which identifies feed quality and affordability as major constraints to livestock development.
Tunabuna said expanding the technical capacity of ministry officers through practical technologies would help address these challenges while supporting national food security objectives.
He also acknowledged the contribution of Bault in delivering the technical training and thanked the Pacific Community (SPC) for partnering with the ministry to organize the regional program.
The minister encouraged participants to continue testing locally available feed ingredients, monitor livestock performance, and share their knowledge with farmers, students, and others involved in animal production.
The Ministry of Agriculture said it will continue investing in professional development and practical innovations that strengthen livestock productivity, improve food security, and support sustainable agricultural development in Fiji.
Fiji is stepping up efforts to strengthen its micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) sector through policy reforms, digital services, and expanded financing initiatives aimed at increasing the sector's contribution to the national economy.
Marking MSME Day 2026 on June 27, the Ministry of Commerce and Business Development reaffirmed the government's commitment to building a more resilient and inclusive business environment under the United Nations' global theme, "Human-Centered Entrepreneurship."
The ministry said MSMEs have become a cornerstone of Fiji's economy, generating employment, supporting livelihoods, promoting innovation, and contributing to economic diversification across the country.
"MSMEs in Fiji have come a long way, consistently demonstrating resilience, creativity, and determination," the ministry said in a statement.
According to the ministry, small businesses continue to provide employment opportunities for women, young people, and vulnerable groups while helping entrepreneurs transform business ideas into viable enterprises that contribute to national development.
A key milestone for the sector was the launch of the MSME Strategic Plan 2025–2030 and the MSME Portal in December 2025, initiatives designed to streamline government services, improve access to business support programs, strengthen coordination among stakeholders, and enable more data-driven policymaking.
The government said the reforms are intended to create a more predictable and business-friendly environment by delivering faster and more responsive services to entrepreneurs.
Over the next five years, Fiji aims to increase the MSME sector's contribution to gross domestic product from the current 18 percent to as much as 40 percent, positioning small businesses as a stronger driver of inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
The ministry said stronger collaboration among government agencies, the private sector, development partners, and business support organizations will be critical to achieving that objective.
It also highlighted the Fiji Innovation Hub, led by the Reserve Bank of Fiji, as an example of efforts to support technology-driven entrepreneurship by providing innovators with opportunities to collaborate and develop digital solutions tailored to Fiji's economic needs.
Recognizing the challenges facing businesses, the ministry acknowledged that rising fuel prices and higher input costs continue to place pressure on operating expenses and cash flow.
It said the government is working with stakeholders to introduce targeted support measures that will help businesses manage higher costs while protecting jobs and maintaining operations.
The ministry also announced plans to expand financing options for MSMEs under the Access to Business Funding Act.
Among the initiatives under development is a peer-to-peer lending platform, which aims to improve access to finance for entrepreneurs who may not qualify for conventional bank loans because of limited collateral.
In addition, the ministry is developing an MSME Services Database, a digital platform intended to connect entrepreneurs with grants, advisory services, financing opportunities, and market access through a single online portal.
As Fiji commemorates MSME Day, the government reiterated its commitment to placing entrepreneurs at the center of economic development and encouraging innovation that supports sustainable and inclusive growth.
The ministry encouraged MSMEs to continue expanding their businesses, saying the government remains committed to supporting entrepreneurs through policies, financing initiatives, and business development programs designed to strengthen the sector's long-term resilience.
Fiji has launched the Nasaulevu Integrated Tourism Development Masterplan, a landmark tourism project aimed at creating a new tourism and investment hub while placing indigenous landowners at the centre of development.
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Tourism and Civil Aviation Viliame Gavoka unveiled the masterplan on 19 June at Navoci Village in Nadi, describing it as the beginning of a new phase that will require strong governance, community unity and effective implementation.
The masterplan covers Nasaulevu Island, a 747-acre site located opposite Denarau Port Marina, one of Fiji's premier tourism gateways.
Prepared by global consultancy ARUP in partnership with the Fiji National Provident Fund (FNPF) and the Nakovacake Development Trust, the masterplan was funded through a USD 400,000 grant from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
The initiative is being promoted as Fiji's first tourism development blueprint of its scale to integrate indigenous landowners, institutional investors and international technical expertise from the outset.
A central feature of the project is its landowner-led development model, under which the Vanua of Nakovacake will play a direct role in planning, governance and economic participation.
Officials say the approach is designed to ensure local communities benefit from future tourism growth while maintaining a stake in the long-term development of their customary land.
Speaking at the launch, Gavoka said the completion of the masterplan marked the transition from planning to implementation.
"This launch is not an ending. It is the start of a more demanding phase requiring unity, sound governance and a clear path from concept to construction," he told community members.
The Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation said it would continue supporting the project as it moves toward delivery and investment attraction.
The development is expected to strengthen Fiji's tourism sector by creating new opportunities for accommodation, recreation, marine tourism and supporting infrastructure near the country's busiest tourism corridor.
Tourism remains a key pillar of Fiji's economy, contributing significantly to employment, foreign exchange earnings and economic growth. The government has identified sustainable tourism development and greater participation by indigenous landowners as priorities for the sector's future expansion.
The Nasaulevu masterplan is expected to serve as a model for future tourism developments in Fiji by combining community ownership, institutional investment and international planning expertise within a single development framework.
Since being signed in October 2025, the ‘U.S.-Australia Framework for Securing Supply in the Mining and Processing of Critical Minerals and Rare Earths’ (“Framework”) has gained momentum against the backdrop of intensifying global competition for strategic resources. The initiative reflects a broader structural shift: critical minerals are no longer simply commodities, but are increasingly becoming instruments of economic security, industrial policy and geopolitical leverage.
At its core, the Framework seeks to integrate two resource-rich, politically aligned jurisdictions into a more resilient supply chain for minerals essential to defence systems, semiconductors, electric vehicles and clean energy infrastructure. It aims to do so by incentivising cross-border investment, accelerating permitting and facilitating preferential offtake arrangements.
From a policy standpoint, the Framework aligns with parallel efforts such as the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy, each designed to reduce dependence on concentrated supply sources and to “friend-shore” production capacity. In practical terms, the Framework may unlock access to U.S. government-backed financing, including through the Export-Import Bank of the U.S. and the U.S. Department of Defense’s industrial base programmes, materially improving project bankability.
For developers and investors, this signals opportunity. However, history — and recent arbitration trends in the mining sector — suggest a more complex reality: geopolitical stability at the macro level often masks heightened instability at the project level.
Indeed, the acceleration of capital deployment, compressed development timelines and increasing politicisation of resource allocation are all well-established catalysts for disputes.
Where disputes are likely to emerge
1. Native title and land access pressures
A significant proportion of Australia’s critical mineral deposits are located on or near land subject to Indigenous rights and cultural heritage protections. The consultation and consent requirements under the Native Title Act 1993 are rigorous, and for good reason.
However, where projects are fast-tracked under strategic imperatives, tensions inevitably arise. Recent experience across the mining sector shows that insufficient consultation or procedural shortcuts can trigger injunctions, heritage disputes and long-tail reputational harm. From a disputes perspective, these conflicts are increasingly hybrid, combining domestic administrative litigation with contractual and investor-State dimensions.
2. Joint venture and offtake fragility in volatile markets
Critical minerals projects are capital-intensive and often structured through complex joint ventures and long-term offtake agreements. These arrangements are particularly vulnerable in environments of price volatility and shifting policy incentives.
As seen in lithium and rare earth markets over the past five years, divergence between contracted prices and spot markets can become extreme. This creates fertile ground for disputes over:
• price review and hardship clauses**;**
• force majeure and “change in law” provisions**; and**
• operator control and capital allocation decisions.
Where projects are strategically significant, these disputes may escalate quickly, with broader political or regulatory implications.
3. Regulatory complexity and judicialisation of approvals
Australia’s regulatory landscape, spanning federal regimes such as the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act and a patchwork of state-based mining and environmental laws, remains inherently complex.
The addition of a “strategic project” designation does not eliminate this complexity; it may, in fact, intensify scrutiny. Third parties, including environmental NGOs and local communities, are increasingly sophisticated and willing to challenge approvals through judicial review mechanisms.
This trend mirrors developments in other jurisdictions, where expedited approvals tied to energy transition goals have been successfully contested, delaying projects and increasing costs.
4. Export controls and sovereign reallocation risk
The Framework itself is non-binding and operates within a fluid geopolitical environment. Export controls, domestic reservation policies or shifts in alliance priorities can materially alter the commercial assumptions underpinning a project.
Investors structuring projects around anticipated U.S. demand or preferential access may face realignment risk if political priorities shift. This raises complex questions around:
• stabilisation clauses**;**
• sovereign interference**; and**
• potential recourse under investment treaties.
Recent ISDS jurisprudence demonstrates that resource nationalism, particularly in strategic sectors, continues to generate high-value claims, often centred on indirect expropriation and fair and equitable treatment standards.
A structural observation: ESG as shield and sword
An emerging dynamic worth highlighting is the dual role of ESG considerations. On the one hand, ESG compliance is increasingly positioned as a prerequisite for access to financing and market entry under frameworks like this one. On the other, ESG obligations are being invoked by States as a regulatory justification in disputes.
This creates a paradox: ESG can operate both as a shield for States and as a sword for claimants, particularly where regulatory measures are inconsistent, disproportionate or applied retrospectively.
Conclusion: Strategic alignment, legal complexity
The U.S.-Australia Framework represents a sophisticated attempt to align industrial policy with geopolitical realities. It will likely accelerate investment and unlock significant value across the critical minerals supply chain.
But for project developers, investors and financiers, the key takeaway is clear: the risk profile is evolving, not diminishing.
Careful attention must be paid to:
• contractual risk allocation (particularly around price, force majeure and regulatory change);
• dispute resolution mechanisms (including the selection of the arbitral seat, governing law and enforcement strategy); and
• the interaction between domestic regulatory frameworks and international investment protections.
For project developers, investors, offtake counterparties and financiers active in Australia’s and/or the US’s critical minerals sectors, careful attention should be given to contractual terms in light of the rapidly changing regulatory environment which, in some respects concerning the Framework, remains undefined.
In short, the next phase of the critical minerals boom will not only be defined by “big deals”, but also by increasingly complex, high-stakes disputes.
Ryan Cable, Partner (Brisbane), and Diora Ziyaeva, Partner and U.S. Region Co-Lead in Mining and Natural Resources (New York), are members of Dentons’ global International Arbitration and Investment Treaty Arbitration groups. They advise clients across the mining, energy and infrastructure sectors on project development, joint ventures, dispute resolution and regulatory compliance.
PNG Air has officially bid farewell to its iconic Dash 8 fleet, marking the end of an important chapter in the airline's history and the completion of its transition to a modern, all-ATR fleet.
For decades, the Dash 8 aircraft served Papua New Guinea with distinction, earning a reputation for reliability and versatility while connecting communities, supporting key industries, and operating into some of the country's most challenging airstrips.
As the fleet enters its next chapter, all three Dash 8 aircraft will continue their operational service with new operators overseas. One aircraft recently departed for Kenya, where it will join Renegade Air to support both domestic services and United Nations operations.
PNG Air Chief Executive Officer Mr Brian Fraser said the farewell marked both a proud achievement and a significant milestone for the airline.
"The Dash 8 has been an extraordinary aircraft for PNG Air and for the people of Papua New Guinea. These aircraft have connected communities and supported our nation's growth for many years. While we bid farewell to an important part of our history, we are excited about the future as we continue our transition to a modern ATR fleet," Fraser said.
The retirement of the Dash 8 fleet forms part of PNG Air's broader fleet modernisation programme. As the airline transitions to the ATR 72-600 and ATR 42-600, it is investing in the future of regional aviation through modern technology, enhanced safety systems, greater passenger comfort, improved operational performance, and increased environmental sustainability.
The ATR fleet offers industry-leading fuel efficiency and lower carbon emissions, supporting PNG Air's commitment to providing safer, more reliable, and more sustainable air services. The aircraft are also well suited to Papua New Guinea's unique operating environment, with the capability to serve regional and remote destinations efficiently.
About PNG Air
For nearly four decades, PNG Air has connected the people of Papua New Guinea through safe, reliable, and affordable air services. The airline currently operates more than 460 flights each week across 22 destinations, providing essential passenger and cargo services throughout the country.
Customs leaders from 24 Pacific administrations will gather in Fiji this week for the 28th Annual Conference of the Oceania Customs Organisation, focusing on strengthening border security, facilitating trade and supporting economic growth across the region.
The conference, to be held from June 2 to 4 under Fiji's chairmanship of the Oceania Customs Organisation, will bring together heads of customs agencies, senior government officials, development partners and international organizations under the theme, "Scaling Up the Commitment of Customs to Protect and Grow our Pasifika Communities."
The meeting comes as Pacific nations face increasing pressure from transnational organized crime, shifting trade patterns and growing demands on border management agencies.
According to organizers, discussions will focus on enhancing regional cooperation and building customs capabilities to address emerging security and trade challenges. Recent large-scale narcotics seizures across the Pacific have highlighted attempts by organized criminal networks to exploit maritime and aviation routes across the region.
Customs administrations also continue to confront risks linked to human trafficking, illicit financial flows, customs fraud, environmental crimes and the smuggling of prohibited goods.
OCO Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of the Fiji Revenue and Customs Service, Udit Singh, said customs agencies play a critical role in protecting communities while supporting economic development.
"Customs today is far more than a border agency. We are guardians of our communities, facilitators of trade, protectors of government revenue, and partners in economic growth," Singh said.
"The work of Customs directly impacts the prosperity, safety, and resilience of our Pacific nations."
Singh said Pacific countries, despite being geographically dispersed, face common challenges that require collective action and stronger regional partnerships.
"The scale and complexity of modern border threats mean that no country can address these issues alone. Regional cooperation is essential. When one Pacific border is strengthened, the entire region becomes safer and more secure," he said.
He noted that the Pacific occupies an increasingly strategic position within global trade and transport networks linking Asia, Australasia and the Americas, making effective customs administration critical to regional and international security.
The conference will feature contributions from international partners including the World Customs Organization, the United Nations and the World Bank.
Key agenda items include border security, maritime enforcement, trade facilitation, passenger processing, digital transformation, leadership development and intelligence-sharing across Pacific jurisdictions.
During Fiji's tenure as OCO chair, the organization has prioritized regional capacity building, leadership development, customs modernization and stronger partnerships with international agencies. Organizers said these initiatives have helped strengthen customs administrations across the Pacific and improve their ability to respond to emerging threats and opportunities.
This year's gathering marks the first time in more than a decade that Fiji has hosted the OCO Annual Conference, reflecting the country's continued role in regional customs cooperation.
Members of the Oceania Customs Organisation include Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, Timor-Leste and other Pacific jurisdictions.